SUSE LINUX

Administration Guide

AuthorsStefan Behlert, Frank Bodammer, Stefan Dirsch, Olaf Donjak, Roman Drahtmüller, Torsten Duwe, Thorsten Dubiel, Thomas Fehr, Stefan Fent, Werner Fink, Kurt Garloff, Carsten Groß, Joachim Gleißner, Andreas Grünbacher, Franz Hassels, Andreas Jaeger, Klaus Kämpf, Hubert Mantel, Lars Marowsky-Bree, Johannes Meixner, Lars Müller, Matthias Nagorni, Anas Nashif, Siegfried Olschner, Peter Pöml, Thomas Renninger, Heiko Rommel, Marcus Schäfer, Nicolaus Schüler, Klaus Singvogel, Hendrik Vogelsang, Klaus G. Wagner, Rebecca Walter, Christian Zoz
EditorsJörg Arndt, Antje Faber, Berthold Gunreben, Roland Haidl, Jana Jaeger, Edith Parzefall, Ines Pozo, Thomas Rölz, Thomas Schraitle, Rebecca Walter
TranslatorsDaniel Pisano, Tino Tanner

SUSE LINUX 9.2

Legal Notice

Table of Contents

Welcome
1. Changes in the Administration Guide
2. Typographical Conventions
3. Acknowledgment
I. Installation
1. Installation with YaST
1.1. System Start-up for Installation
1.2. The Boot Screen
1.3. Language Selection
1.4. Installation Mode
1.5. Installation Suggestion
1.6. Finishing the Installation
1.7. Hardware Configuration
1.8. Graphical Login
2. System Configuration with YaST
2.1. Starting YaST
2.2. The YaST Control Center
2.3. Software
2.4. Hardware
2.5. Network Devices
2.6. Network Services
2.7. Security and Users
2.8. System
2.9. Miscellaneous
2.10. YaST in Text Mode (ncurses)
2.11. Online Update from the Command Line
3. Special Installation Procedures
3.1. linuxrc
3.2. Installation with VNC
3.3. Text-Based Installation with YaST
3.4. Starting SUSE LINUX
3.5. Special Installation Procedures
3.6. Tips and Tricks
3.7. ATAPI CD-ROM Hangs while Reading
3.8. Assigning Permanent Device File Names to SCSI Devices
3.9. Partitioning for Experts
3.10. LVM Configuration
3.11. Soft RAID
4. Updating the System and Package Management
4.1. Updating SUSE LINUX
4.2. Software Changes from Version to Version
4.3. RPM — the Package Manager
5. System Repair
5.1. Starting YaST System Repair
5.2. Automatic Repair
5.3. User-Defined Repair
5.4. Expert Tools
5.5. The SUSE Rescue System
II. System
6. 32-Bit and 64-Bit Applications in a 64-Bit System Environment
6.1. Runtime Support
6.2. Software Development
6.3. Software Compilation on Biarch Platforms
6.4. Kernel Specifications
7. Booting and Boot Managers
7.1. The Boot Process
7.2. Boot Management
7.3. Selecting a Boot Loader
7.4. Booting with GRUB
7.5. Configuring the Boot Loader with YaST
7.6. Uninstalling the Linux Boot Loader
7.7. Creating Boot CDs
7.8. Troubleshooting
7.9. For More Information
8. The Linux Kernel
8.1. Kernel Update
8.2. Kernel Sources
8.3. Kernel Configuration
8.4. Kernel Modules
8.5. Settings in the Kernel Configuration
8.6. Compiling the Kernel
8.7. Installing the Kernel
8.8. Cleaning Your Hard Disk after Compilation
9. Special Features of SUSE LINUX
9.1. Hints for Special Software Packages
9.2. Virtual Consoles
9.3. Keyboard Mapping
9.4. Language and Country-Specific Settings
10. The SUSE LINUX Boot Concept
10.1. Booting with the Initial RAM Disk
10.2. The init Program
10.3. Runlevels
10.4. Changing Runlevels
10.5. Init Scripts
10.6. The YaST Runlevel Editor
10.7. SuSEconfig and /etc/sysconfig
10.8. The YaST sysconfig Editor
11. The X Window System
11.1. Optimizing the X Configuration
11.2. Installing and Configuring Fonts
11.3. OpenGL — 3D Configuration
12. Printer Operation
12.1. Preparation and Other Considerations
12.2. Methods and Protocols for Connecting Printers
12.3. Installing the Software
12.4. Configuring the Printer
12.5. Special Features in SUSE LINUX
12.6. Troubleshooting
13. Mobile Computing with Linux
13.1. Laptops
13.2. Mobile Hardware
13.3. Cellular Phones and PDAs
13.4. For More Information
14. PCMCIA
14.1. Hardware
14.2. Software
14.3. Configuration
14.4. Utilities
14.5. Troubleshooting
14.6. For More Information
15. System Configuration Profile Management
15.1. Terminology
15.2. Configuration
15.3. Troubleshooting
15.4. For More Information
16. Power Management
16.1. Power Saving Functions
16.2. APM
16.3. ACPI
16.4. Rest for the Hard Disk
16.5. The powersave Package
16.6. The YaST Power Management Module
17. Wireless Communication
17.1. Wireless LAN
17.2. Bluetooth
17.3. Infrared Data Transmission
18. The Hotplug System
18.1. Devices and Interfaces
18.2. Hotplug Events
18.3. Hotplug Agents
18.4. Automatic Module Loading
18.5. Hotplug with PCI
18.6. The Boot Scripts Coldplug and Hotplug
18.7. Error Analysis
19. Dynamic Device Nodes with udev
19.1. Creating Rules
19.2. Automization with NAME and SYMLINK
19.3. Regular Expressions in Keys
19.4. Key Selection
19.5. Consistent Names for Mass Storage Devices
20. File Systems in Linux
20.1. Terminology
20.2. Major File Systems in Linux
20.3. Some Other Supported File Systems
20.4. Large File Support in Linux
20.5. For More Information
21. PAM — Pluggable Authentication Modules
21.1. Structure of a PAM Configuration File
21.2. The PAM Configuration of sshd
21.3. Configuration of PAM Modules
21.4. For More Information
III. Services
22. Linux in the Network
22.1. Introduction to TCP/IP
22.2. IPv6 — The Next Generation Internet
22.3. Manual Network Configuration
22.4. Network Integration
22.5. Routing in SUSE LINUX
22.6. SLP Services in the Network
22.7. DNS — Domain Name System
22.8. NIS — Network Information Service
22.9. LDAP — A Directory Service
22.10. NFS — Shared File Systems
22.11. DHCP
22.12. Time Synchronization with xntp
23. The Apache Web Server
23.1. Basics
23.2. Setting up the HTTP Server with YaST
23.3. Apache Modules
23.4. Threads
23.5. Installation
23.6. Configuration
23.7. Using Apache
23.8. Active Contents
23.9. Virtual Hosts
23.10. Security
23.11. Troubleshooting
23.12. For More Information
24. File Synchronization
24.1. Available Data Synchronization Software
24.2. Determining Factors for Selecting a Program
24.3. Introduction to Unison
24.4. Introduction to CVS
24.5. Introduction to Subversion
24.6. Introduction to rsync
24.7. Introduction to mailsync
25. Samba
25.1. Configuring the Server
25.2. Samba as Login Server
25.3. Configuring a Samba Server with YaST
25.4. Configuring Clients
25.5. Optimization
26. Internet
26.1. smpppd as Dial-up Assistant
26.2. Configuring an ADSL or T-DSL Connection
26.3. Proxy Server: Squid
27. Security in Linux
27.1. Masquerading and Firewalls
27.2. SSH: Secure Network Operations
27.3. Encrypting Partitions and Files
27.4. Security and Confidentiality
IV. Administration
28. Access Control Lists in Linux
28.1. Advantages of ACLs
28.2. Definitions
28.3. Handling ACLs
28.4. ACL Support in Applications
29. System Monitoring Utilities
29.1. List of Open Files: lsof
29.2. User Accessing Files: fuser
29.3. File Properties: stat
29.4. Processes: top
29.5. Process List: ps
29.6. Process Tree: pstree
29.7. Who Is Doing What: w
29.8. Memory Usage: free
29.9. Kernel Ring Buffer: dmesg
29.10. File Systems and Their Usage: mount, df, and du
29.11. The /proc File System
29.12. procinfo
29.13. PCI Resources: lspci
29.14. System Calls of a Program Run: strace
29.15. Library Calls of a Program Run: ltrace
29.16. Specifying the Required Library: ldd
29.17. Additional Information about ELF Binaries
29.18. Interprocess Communication: ipcs
29.19. Time Measurement with time
V. Appendix
A. Information Sources and Documentation
A.1. SUSE Documentation
A.2. The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP)
A.3. Man Pages and Info Pages
A.4. Standards and Specifications
B. Manual Page of reiserfsck
C. Manual Page of e2fsck
D. The GNU General Public License
D.1. GNU General Public License
D.2. GNU General, Public License
Glossary
Bibliography
Index

List of Figures

1.1. The Boot Screen
1.2. Selecting the Language
1.3. Selecting the Installation Mode
1.4. Suggestion Window
1.5. Selecting the Mouse Type
1.6. Editing the Partitioning Setup
1.7. Selecting the Hard Disk
1.8. The YaST Partitioner in Expert Mode
1.9. Possible Options for Windows Partitions
1.10. Resizing the Windows Partition
1.11. Installing and Removing Software with the YaST Package Manager
1.12. Selecting the Time Zone
1.13. Setting the root Password
1.14. Configuring the Network Devices
1.15. Testing the Internet Connection
1.16. User Authentication
1.17. NIS Client Configuration
1.18. Entering the User Name and Password
1.19. Configuring the System Components
1.20. The Login Screen (KDE)
2.1. The YaST Control Center
2.2. Changing the Installation Source
2.3. YaST Online Update
2.4. YaST Package Manager
2.5. Conflict Management of the Package Manager
2.6. Selecting the Printer Model
2.7. The Main Window of SaX2
2.8. Monitor Selection
2.9. Selecting the Graphics Card
2.10. Configuring the Resolution
2.11. Configuring the Virtual Resolution
2.12. Adjusting the Image Geometry
2.13. Displaying Hardware Information
2.14. User Administration
2.15. Group Administration
2.16. Security Settings
2.17. Start Window of the Restore Module
2.18. Creating a Boot, Rescue, or Module Disk
2.19. Submitting a Support Request
2.20. Main Window of YaST in Text Mode
2.21. The Software Installation Module
3.1. Selecting the Language
3.2. The linuxrc Main Menu
3.3. System Information
3.4. Loading Modules
3.5. Selecting SCSI Drivers
3.6. Entering Parameters for a Module
3.7. The linuxrc Installation Menu
3.8. Selecting the Source Medium in linuxrc
3.9. Activating LVM during Installation
3.10. YaST: LVM Partitioner
3.11. Adding a Volume Group
3.12. Partition List
3.13. Logical Volume Management
3.14. Creating Logical Volumes
5.1. Selecting the YaST System Repair Utility
5.2. Automatic Repair Mode
5.3. Source Medium for the Rescue System
5.4. Network Protocols
7.1. Configuring the Boot Loader with YaST
10.1. YaST Runlevel Editor
10.2. System Configuration Using the sysconfig Editor
13.1. Integrating a Laptop in a Network
13.2. Monitoring the Battery State with KSysguard
16.1. Scheme Selection
16.2. Overview of Existing Schemes
16.3. Adding a Scheme
16.4. Battery Charge Level
16.5. ACPI Settings
17.1. YaST: Configuring the Wireless Network Card
17.2. YaST Bluetooth Configuration
22.1. Simplified Layer Model for TCP/IP
22.2. TCP/IP Ethernet Packet
22.3. Configuration of the Network Card
22.4. Modem Configuration
22.5. DSL Configuration
22.6. ISDN Configuration
22.7. ISDN Interface Configuration
22.8. DNS Server Installation: Forwarder Settings
22.9. DNS Server Installation: Finish Wizard
22.10. DNS Server: Logging
22.11. DNS Server: DNS Zones
22.12. DNS Server: Slave Zone Editor
22.13. DNS Server: Zone Editor (Basic)
22.14. DNS Server: Zone Editor (NS Records)
22.15. DNS Server: Zone Editor (MX Records)
22.16. DNS Server: Zone Editor (SOA)
22.17. YaST: NIS Server Configuration Tool
22.18. YaST: Changing the Directory and Synchronizing Files for a NIS Server
22.19. YaST: Setting Request Permissions for a NIS Server
22.20. Setting Domain and Address of NIS Server
22.21. Structure of an LDAP Directory
22.22. YaST: Configuration of the LDAP Client
22.23. YaST: Advanced Configuration
22.24. YaST: Module Configuration
22.25. YaST: Configuration of an Object Template
22.26. YaST: Additional LDAP Settings
22.27. NFS Client Configuration with YaST
22.28. NFS Server Configuration Tool
22.29. Configuring an NFS Server with YaST
22.30. DHCP Server: Selecting the Network Interface
22.31. DHCP Server: Global Settings
22.32. DHCP Server: Dynamic DHCP
22.33. DHCP Server: Start-Up
22.34. YaST: Configuring an NTP Client
22.35. YaST: Complex NTP Client Configuration
25.1. Samba Configuration — Start Up
25.2. Samba Configuration — Shares
25.3. Samba Configuration — Identity
27.1. iptables: A Packet's Possible Paths
27.2. Selecting the Interfaces to Protect
28.1. Minimum ACL: ACL Entries Compared to Permission Bits
28.2. Extended ACL: ACL Entries Compared to Permission Bits

List of Tables

1.1. Boot Options
2.1. AccessX — Operating the Mouse with the Numeric Keypad
4.1. Comparison POSIX 1992 vs. POSIX 2001
4.2. Ports Used by Important Services
4.3. Commands
4.4. Log Files in /var/log
4.5. Split Configuration Files in /etc/sysconfig/powersave
4.6. Wrapper
4.7. The Most Important RPM Query Options
4.8. RPM Verify Options
9.1. ulimit: Setting Resources for the User
10.1. Available Runlevels
10.2. Possible init Script Options
11.1. Sections in /etc/X11/XF86Config
11.2. Parameters of fc-list
11.3. Supported 3D Hardware
17.1. Overview of Various WLAN Standards
20.1. File System Types in Linux
20.2. Maximum Sizes of File Systems (On-Disk Format)
22.1. Several Protocols in the TCP/IP Protocol Family
22.2. Specific Addresses
22.3. Private IP Address Domains
22.4. Various IPv6 Prefixes
22.5. Manual Network Configuration Scripts
22.6. Parameters for /etc/host.conf
22.7. Databases Available via /etc/nsswitch.conf
22.8. Configuration Options for NSS Databases
22.9. Some Start-up Scripts for Network Programs
22.10. Commonly Used Object Classes and Attributes
22.11. User Groups and Their Access Grants
22.12. Types of Access
22.13. Permissions for Exported File System
24.1. Features of the File Synchronization Tools: -- = very poor, - = poor or not available, o = medium, + = good, ++ = excellent, x = available
28.1. ACL Entry Types
28.2. Masking Access Permissions

List of Examples

1.1. /etc/fstab: Partition Data
3.1. Example df Output
4.1. List with df -h
4.2. rpm -q -i wget
4.3. Script to Search for Packages
5.1. Example /etc/fstab
9.1. Example of an Entry in /etc/crontab
9.2. Example for /etc/logrotate.conf
9.3. ulimit: Settings in ~/.bashrc
10.1. A Minimal INIT INFO Block
11.1. Screen Section of the File /etc/X11/XF86Config
12.1. /etc/modprobe.conf: Interrupt Mode for the First Parallel Port
12.2. Error Message from the lpd
12.3. Broadcast from the CUPS Network Server
17.1. Output of irdadump
21.1. PAM Configuration for sshd
21.2. pam_unix2.conf
21.3. pam_env.conf
21.4. pam_pwcheck.conf
22.1. How an IP Address is Written
22.2. Linking IP Addresses to the Netmask
22.3. Sample IPv6 Address
22.4. IPv6 Address Specifying the Prefix Length
22.5. /etc/resolv.conf
22.6. /etc/hosts
22.7. /etc/networks
22.8. /etc/host.conf
22.9. /etc/nsswitch.conf
22.10. Forwarding Options in named.conf
22.11. A Basic /etc/named.conf
22.12. Entry to Disable Logging
22.13. Zone Entry for my-domain.de
22.14. Zone Entry for other-domain.de
22.15. File /var/lib/named/world.zone
22.16. Reverse Lookup
22.17. Excerpt from schema.core (line numbering for explanatory reasons)
22.18. slapd.conf: Include Directive for Schemes
22.19. slapd.conf: pidfile and argsfile
22.20. slapd.conf: Access Control
22.21. slapd.conf: Example for Access Control
22.22. slapd.conf: Database-Specific Directives
22.23. Example for an LDIF File
22.24. ldapadd with example.ldif
22.25. LDIF Data for Tux
22.26. Modified LDIF File tux.ldif
22.27. pam_unix2.conf Adapted to LDAP
22.28. Adaptations in nsswitch.conf
22.29. /etc/exports
22.30. The Configuration File /etc/dhcpd.conf
22.31. Additions to the Configuration File
25.1. A CD-ROM Share
25.2. homes Share
25.3. Global Section in smb.conf
25.4. Setting up a Machine Account
25.5. Automated Setup of a Machine Account
26.1. Firewall Configuration: Option 15
26.2. Access Rules
26.3. Access Rules

SUSE LINUX 9.2